The publication contains input for Renny van Ommen-de Vries, Kiky Heinsius and Loes Bueninck. In May, 2015, the stories of a number of Dutch Dachau political prisoners were published as Geen nummers maar namen. French prisoner Marie Bartette published her memoirs in the Journal d’Arcachon in 1946-1947. Her views became a thorny issue with the Dutch ex-prisoners, in the long drawn-out compensation claims against IG Farben. She is critical of the Dutch prisoners and calls them naive. Her book Gefangene der Angst was published in 2003. Ella Lingens spent a few months as a prisoner-doctor in the camp dispensary, from December 1944. Very little has been published and most facts were collected from written memoirs and oral testimony of the Dutch survivors. In comparison, a third of the Dutch women that stayed behind in Ravensbruck did not survive. Out of the 193 Dutch women, only two died just before the wars end. They were a cohesive, supportive group they marched singing into the cattle cars in Vught and walked singing into Ravensbruck concentration camp. Most had been active in the resistance and had formed bonds already in Vught. The Dutch women arrived on Octofrom Ravensbruck where they had arrived in September from the Dutch concentration camp Vught. Among the latter were twenty-one Slovenian political prisoners, mostly communist Yugoslav Partisans. In October 1944, 250 Polish prisoners were sent back to Ravensbruck, in exchange for 193 Dutch women, ten women from other West European countries and fifty women from Eastern and Southeastern Europe. According to an unconfirmed account of Leni Leuvenberg, twenty Polish women were killed during a bombing on 25 February 1945. In December 1944, after a Christmas party, two of these prisoners escaped, dressed as Josef and Maria in some borrowed clothing. Ludwig Eiber mentions a forty-year old Polish women who died on 7 October 1944.
Little is known about the Polish women except that many of them were taken as slave labor in reprisal for the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. The camp commander came in function on 12 September 1944.Ībout five hundred prisoners from Eastern and Southeastern Europe, mainly Poland, arrived from Ravensbruck concentration camp on 13 September 1944. Most likely they were returned to the main camp in the evenings during the first years, and the subcamp in Munchen-Giesing, where the laborers assembled timing devices, was not established until September 1944. From 1941, Agfa Camera works produced exclusively for the Wehrmacht and employed a growing number of prisoners from Dachau. There were also SS camp commanders SS-Lagerfuhrer and prisoner functionaries such as the "camp senior" Lageraltester or "block senior" Blockaltester.īetween 19, Agfa was the principal photographic equipment producer, and the largest photographic manufacturer in Germany. Many such subcamps, called the KZ-AuSenlager, were laid out in similar fashion to the concentration camps. In some cases the prisoners were accommodated in diverse, makeshift sleeping areas in other cases the SS had them erect their own camp with watchtowers and fences. At the onset of war, the SS increasingly employed concentration camp prisoners in armaments factories and these specific labor commands created a network of subcamps throughout Germany. The concentration camp was not geographically restricted to Dachau itself. It was already in existence in 1933 and developed into a prototype for subsequent concentration camps such as Buchenwald, which appeared in 1937.
Dachau was the first concentration camp known as a "KZ" that Reichsfuhrer-SS Himmler had built.
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